CS 321: Mixed & Augmented Reality: Chicago: Author-Date

The Chicago Manual of Style Author-Date system is used by scholars in the social sciences and sciences. For arts, history, and humanities, see the Notes/Bibliography system.

Citing sources in this style consists of two parts:

1. An in-text citation
2. A reference list

The in-text citation points the reader to the full information about the source found in the reference list.

See How to Format In-Text Citations, How to Format the Reference List, and the examples of types of sources in the left navigation for further details.

General Formatting of the Reference List

For more detailed information see Chicago Manual of Style, 15.10-15.20

The reference list provides the full details of the items you have cited in your paper. Here are some general features of the reference list:

• Usually titled References or Works Cited
   
• Entries begin with author(s) and date of work; other required elements depend on the type of source. See examples in the left navigation.
   
• Entries are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the first author
  • alphabetize using the letter-by-letter system, in which an entry for “Fernández, Angelines” would come before the entry for “Fernán Gómez, Fernando” (d in "Fernández" comes before G in "Gómez")
     
• If there is no author, use the first word of the title of the work (excluding The, A, An).
   
• Single-author entries precede multiauthor entries beginning with the same name.
   
• Multiple works by the same author(s) are arranged chronologically, and the 3-em dash replaces the name for the second and subsequent entries.

  Du Bois, W. E. B. 1898. "The Study of the Negro Problems." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 11 (January): 1-23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1009474.

  ———. 1903. The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches. Chicago: A. C. McClurg.

  ———. 1947. The World and Africa: An Inquiry into the Part Which Africa Has Played in World History. New York: Viking.
   

• Multiple works by same author in same year are arranged alphabetically by title, and then a, b, c, etc. is added to the year to help make each entry unique for the in-text citation.

  Olney, William W. 2015a. "Impact of Corruption on Firm-Level Export Decisions." Economic Inquiry 54 (2): 1105–27.

  Olney, William W. 2015b. "Remittances and the Wage Impact of Immigration." Journal of Human Resources 50 (3): 694-727.

Missing citation elements

• Author:
  • If no personal author is listed, determine whether an organization is responsible for the content. If so, use that organization's name as the author in the reference list and in-text citation. (CMOS, 15.36)

    (World Bank 2011)

    World Bank. 2011. Poverty and Social Exclusion in India. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • If a newspaper article is unsigned, use the newspaper title as the author. (CMOS, 15.49)

    (New York Times 1912)

    New York Times. 1912. "Titanic Sails To-Day." April 10, 1912.
  • If the author is unknown, start the reference list entry with the title. For the in-text citation, use the title, which can be shortened as long as the first word matches the reference list entry. (CMOS, 15.34)
• Date: If there is no publication or last modified date, use n.d. (CMOS, 15.44 and 15.50) 

  (Human Rights Campaign, n.d.)

  Human Rights Campaign. n.d. "Maps of State Laws and Policies." Accessed April 25, 2019. http://www.hrc.org/state_maps.
• Page numbers: For unpaginated works, such as online resources, include a descriptive phrase using one of the divisions used in the work (chapter, paragraph number, section heading, etc.) in the in-text citation. If the work is short, such locators may not be necessary. (CMOS, 15.23)

  (Library of Congress, n.d., under "Slave Narratives and the New Debate about Slavery")

  Library of Congress. n.d. "Slave Narratives from Slavery to the Great Depression." An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives. Accessed June 27, 2019. https://www.loc.gov/collections/slave-narratives-from-the-federal-writers-project-1936-to-1938/articles-and-essays/introduction-to-the-wpa-slave-narratives/slave-narratives-from-slavery-to-the-great-depression/.
• Place: Use n.p. if it is unknown. If it can be surmised, put in brackets with a question mark. (CMOS, 14.132)
• Publisher: If not listed on the title page or copyright page, use "self-published" or "printed by author." (CMOS, 14.137)

More than one author

• List authors in order they appear on title page
• In the reference list, invert the first author's name only and place a comma before and after the first name
• Use the word "and," not an ampersand (&)
• For works with 4-10 authors, list all names in the reference list, but only use the first author's name followed by et al. in the in-text citation.
• For works with more than 10 authors, only include the first 7 authors and et al. in the reference list
  (CMOS, 15.9, 15.16, 15.29, 14.76)

Examples

In-text Citations:

Reference List: